1 Is the Fund excluded from liability to withholding tax on its interest, dividend and non-share dividend income derived in respect of its Australian investments that were acquired on or before 27 March 2018 under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936)?
Yes. Question 2 Is the Fund excluded from liability to withholding tax on its interest, dividend and non-share dividend income derived in respect of its Australian investments that were acquired after 27 March 2018 under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936? Answer Yes. This ruling applies for the following periods : Years ending 1 July 20XX to 30 June 20XX The scheme commences on: 1 July 20XX
The Fund was established in and is a resident of Country A, a foreign jurisdiction. The Fund was established, and is maintained and applied, for the purpose of retirement, survivors and disability benefits for the members of the plan, all of whom are not Australian residents. The pension plan is a defined benefit scheme where the employee member will receive a pension (based on years of service and a calculation of their final average salary) on retirement. As such the benefits provided under the plan are determined according to a formula and not directly related to the contributions or investment returns on the contributions. Benefits received by members of the pension plan include withdrawals at retirement age and early retirement, death and disability benefits. The Fund also allows a member to withdraw their contributions on termination of employment and take a lump sum payment, however, in doing so the members forfeit any right to a monthly benefit in future and also face tax consequences.
The Fund invests directly into Australia and receives interest, dividend income and/or non-share dividend income directly from its Australian investments. There is no group trust arrangement or pooled vehicle in between the Fund and the investments in Australia. The central management and control of the Fund is carried out by the Fund's Board. All the members of the Fund's Board are not Australian residents. Income earned by the Fund is exempt from income tax in Country A. No amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund has been or can be deducted under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (the ITAA 1997), and no tax offsets have been allowed or would be allowable for an amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund. The Fund is an indefinitely continuing fund. The income received by the Fund will not be non-assessable non-exempt income because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . Neither the Fund, nor any related party, is involved in the day to day management of the business of any of the Australian entities.
The Fund does not hold any right to appoint a person to a board, committee or similar, either directly or indirectly. Neither the Fund, nor any related party, has any veto rights on security holder votes. Neither the Fund, nor any related party, has the ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian entities outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the interests held. The Fund has not entered into or received any side letters, arrangements or agreements. The Fund does not hold any other influence potentially of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936. The Fund only holds rights to vote in proportion to its equity interest in each of the Australian entities. Question 1 Is the Fund excluded from liability to withholding tax on its interest, dividend and non-share dividend income derived in respect of its Australian investments that were acquired on or before 27 March 2018 under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936? Summary
The Fund is excluded from liability to withholding tax on interest, dividend and non-share dividend income derived from its investments that were acquired on or before 27 March 2018 in accordance with paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936. Detailed reasoning Section 128B of the ITAA 1936 imposes liability to withholding tax on income derived by a non-resident that consists of dividend income (subsection 128B(1) of the ITAA 1936), interest income (subsection 128B(2) of the ITAA 1936) as well as other income prescribed in that section. Subsection 128B(3) of the ITAA 1936 notes that section 128B of the ITAA 1936 will not apply to prescribed categories of income. Relevantly, paragraph 128B(3)(jb) provides an exclusion from withholding tax for interest, dividends and non-share dividends derived by a superannuation fund for foreign residents (subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions). For the exclusion to apply, the interest, dividend and/or non-share dividend income must be: • derived by a superannuation fund for foreign residents (as defined in section 118-520 of the ITAA 1997), and
• exempt from income tax in the country in which the superannuation fund for foreign residents arise. The Fund is a non-resident The Fund is not a resident of Australia for tax purposes. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. The Fund is a superannuation fund for foreign residents Superannuation fund for foreign residents is a defined term in the ITAA 1936. Subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936 states: superannuation fund for foreign residents has the meaning given by subsection 995-1(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. Subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997 sets out the following: superannuation fund for foreign residents has the meaning given by section 118-520. The term 'superannuation fund for foreign residents' is defined in section 118-520 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) as follows: 118-520 Meaning of superannuation fund for foreign residents (1) A fund is a superannuation fund for foreign residents at a time if: (a) at that time, it is: (i) an indefinitely continuing fund; and (ii) a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund; and (b) it was established in a foreign country; and
(c) it was established, and is maintained at that time, only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents; and (d) at that time, its central management and control is carried on outside Australia by entities none of whom is an Australian resident. (2) However, a fund is not a superannuation fund for foreign residents if: (a) an amount paid to the fund or set aside for the fund has been or can be deducted under this Act; or (b) a *tax offset has been allowed or is allowable for such an amount. Consequently, for the Fund to be considered a superannuation fund for foreign residents for the purposes of paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936, it must be established that: • the Fund is an indefinitely continuing fund • the Fund is a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund • the Fund was established in a foreign country • the Fund was established and maintained only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents • The central management and control of the Fund is carried on outside of Australia by entities none of whom are Australian residents
• No amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund has been or can be deducted under the ITAA 1997, and • No tax offsets have been allowed or would be allowable for an amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund. The Fund is an indefinitely continuing fund The term 'indefinitely continuing fund' is not defined in either the ITAA 1997 or the ITAA 1936. Therefore, it should be given its ordinary meaning subject to the context in which it appears and having regard to any relevant case law authorities. The Australian Oxford Dictionary , 2004, Oxford University Press, Melbourne defines the term 'fund' as 1 a permanent stock of something ready to be drawn upon... 2 a stock of money, especially one set apart for a purpose. In Scott v. FC of T (No 2) (1966) 14 ATD 333; (1966) 10 AITR 290 (Scott) , Windeyer J expressed the view that 'fund' in the context of 'superannuation fund' ordinarily meant 'money (or investments) set aside and invested, the surplus income therefrom being capitalised'. Windeyer J's views in Scott were cited with approval by Hill J in Walstern Pty Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation
(2003) 138 FCR 1; 2003 ATC 5076; (2003) 54 ATR 423 who stated that 'for present purposes, the point is the need for "money" or "other property" to constitute a fund'. The general view is that an indefinitely continuing fund does not have to continue forever, but rather that the governing rules should not fix an express termination date. The Fund is an indefinitely continuing fund. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. The Fund is a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund The phrase 'a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund' under subparagraph 118-520(1)(a)(ii) is not defined in either the ITAA 1997 or the ITAA 1936. However, the phrase has been subject to judicial consideration. In Scott , the High Court examined the terms 'superannuation fund' and 'fund'. Justice Windeyer stated at ATD 351; AITR 312; ALJR 278 that:
... I have come to the conclusion that there is no essential single attribute of a superannuation fund established for the benefit of employees except that it must be a fund bona fide devoted as its sole purpose to providing for employees who are participants money benefits (or benefits having a monetary value) upon their reaching a prescribed age. In this connexion "fund", I take it, ordinarily means money (or investments) set aside and invested, the surplus income there from being capitalised. In a later case, Mahoney v. Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) (1967) 41 ALJR 232; (1967); 14 ATD 519; 10 AITR 463 (Mahoney case), the High Court took a similar view as in Scott, Justice Kitto expressed the view at ALJR 232; (1967); ATD 520; AITR 464 that:
All that need be recognised is that just as 'provident' and 'superannuation' both referred to the provision of a particular kind of benefit - in the one case a provision against contemplated contingencies, and in the other case a provision, to arise on an employee's retirement or death or other cessation of employee, of a subvention for him or his estate or persons towards whom he may have stood in some kind of relation commonly giving rise to a legal or moral responsibility - so 'benefit' must have meant a benefit, not a general sense, but characterised by some specific future purpose. The court found that the expression takes its meaning from past usage and the meaning of the several expressions must be arrived at in light of their ordinary usage. As such, the term 'benefit' requires a purpose narrower than conferring benefits in a completely general sense. The benefit must be characterised by some future purpose. Likewise, a provident fund must not refer to the provision of funds in a general sense but must relate to a provision against contemplated contingencies.
Both of the above mentioned cases emphasise that the benefits must be provided for a specific purpose and require that there is a connection between the benefit received and the provision by the fund for retirement or death of a member or against 'contemplated contingencies', such as death, disability or serious illness. The Fund was established, and is maintained and applied, for the purpose of retirement, survivors and disability benefits for the members of the plan. The pension plan is a defined benefit scheme where the employee member will receive a pension (based on years of service and a calculation of their final average salary) on retirement. As such, the benefits provided under the pension system are determined according to a formula and are not directly related to the contributions or investment returns on the contributions.
While the Fund provides for withdrawal from the Fund prior to retirement, it is heavily dis-incentivised with loss of benefits whether vested or unvested, and taxation upon relevant parts of the withdrawn amounts. The alternate circumstances of access in this case, being death and disability, align to the contemplated contingencies of a provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund. It is thus accepted that the Fund is a 'provident, benefit, superannuation or retirement fund' on the basis that the objective of the Fund is to provide retirement, survivors and disability benefits for the members of the plan. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. The Fund was established in a foreign country The Fund was established in Country A. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. The Fund was established and maintained only to provide benefits for individuals who are not Australian residents The Fund only provides for retirement, disability and death benefits for Country A resident employees, all of whom are not Australian residents.
The possibility of a very small number of members being returned residents or becoming Australian residents after ceasing eligible employment is incidental and should not be taken to conclude that the Fund was not established for individuals who are not Australian residents. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. The Fund's central management and control is carried on outside Australia by entities none of whom is an Australian resident Paragraphs 20 and 21 of Taxation Ruling TR 2008/9 Income tax: meaning of 'Australian superannuation fund' in subsection 295-95(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (TR 2008/9) states in respect of the central management and control (CM&C) of a superannuation fund: 20. The CM&C of a superannuation fund involves a focus on the who, when and where of the strategic and high level decision making processes and activities of the fund. In the context of the operations of a superannuation fund, the strategic and high level decision making processes includes: • formulating the investment strategy for the fund;
• reviewing and updating or varying the fund's investment strategy as well as monitoring and reviewing the performance of the fund's investments; • if the fund has reserves - the formulation of a strategy for their prudential management; and • determining how the assets of the fund are to be used to fund member benefits. 21. The other principal areas of operation of a superannuation fund that form part of the day-to-day or operational side of the fund's activities will not constitute CM&C. These activities do not form part of the CM&C of the fund because they are not of a strategic or high level nature. Rather, these activities are of a more formalistic or administrative nature. Examples of such activities include the acceptance of contributions that are made on a regular basis, the actual investment of the fund's assets, the fulfilment of administrative duties and the preservation, payment and portability of benefits. Furthermore, paragraphs 10 and 11 of Taxation Ruling TR 2018/5 Income tax: central management and control test of residency states: 10. Central management and control
refers to the control and direction of a company's operations. It does not refer to a physical location in which the control and direction of a company is located and may ultimately be exercised in more than one location. 11. The key element in the control and direction of a company's operations is the making of high-level decisions that set the company's general policies and determine the direction of its operations and the type of transactions it will enter. In this case, the central management and control of the Fund is carried out by the Fund's Board. All the members of the Fund's Board are not Australian residents. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the central management and control of the Fund occurs outside of Australia by entities that are not Australian residents. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. No amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund has been or can be deducted under the ITAA 1997 and no tax offset has been allowed or is allowable for such an amount Pursuant to subsection 118-520(2) of the ITAA 1997, a fund is not a superannuation fund for foreign residents if:
a) an amount paid to the fund or set aside for the fund has been or can be deducted under the Act; or b) a tax offset has been allowed or is allowable for such an amount. No amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund has been or can be deducted under theITAA 1997, and no tax offsets have been allowed or would be allowable for an amount paid to the Fund or set aside for the Fund. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. Conclusion As all of the above requirements are satisfied, the Fund meets the requirements of being a superannuation fund for foreign residents as defined by section 118-520 of the ITAA 1997 for the purposes of subparagraph 128B(3)(jb)(i) of the ITAA 1936. The income, consisting of interest, dividend or non-share dividend income, is derived by the Fund Subsection 128B(3CA) of the ITAA 1936, along with paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 requires the superannuation fund for foreign residents to derive the interest, dividends or non-share dividends paid by Australian resident companies.
The Fund invests directly into Australia and receives interest, dividend income and/or non-share dividend income directly from its Australian investments. It will, therefore, derive the relevant income for the purposes of subsection 128B(3CA) of the ITAA 1936 and paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936. The Fund is exempt from income tax in the country in which the non-resident resides The Fund is exempt from income tax in its country of residence. Therefore, the Fund satisfies this requirement. Otherwise non-assessable non-exempt The income received by the Fund will not be non-assessable non-exempt income because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . Income derived by the Fund would not be otherwise treated as not assessable and not exempt income by virtue of the above provisions. Accordingly, the above exclusion should not apply to exclude the Fund from entitlement to the withholding tax exemption for superannuation funds for foreign residents. Conclusion
As all the requirements of paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 are satisfied, the Fund will be entitled to an exemption from withholding tax on interest, dividend and non-share dividend income derived in respect of its Australian investments acquired on or before 27 March 2018 under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936. Question 2 Is the Fund excluded from liability to withholding tax on its interest, dividend and non-share dividend income derived in respect of its Australian investments that were acquired after 27 March 2018 under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936? Summary The Fund is excluded from liability to withholding tax on its interest, dividend and non - share dividend income derived in respect of its Australian investments that were acquired after 27 March 2018 under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936. Detailed reasoning The Treasury Laws Amendment (Making Sure Foreign Investors Pay Their Fair Share of Tax in Australia and Other Measures) Act 2019
introduced extra requirements that must be met for paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 to apply from 1 July 2019 onwards. These extra requirements apply only to investments which were acquired after 27 March 2018. For the purposes of Question 2, which only considers the Fund's investments acquired after 27 March 2018, these extra requirements are applicable. Relevantly: i. The fund must satisfy the 'portfolio interest test' in relation to the test entity (subsection 128B(3CC) ii. The fund must satisfy the 'influence test' (subsection 128B(3CD) in relation to the test entity, and iii. The income cannot otherwise be non-assessable non-exempt income of the Fund because of: a. Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997, or b. Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . It has been established in Question 1 above that the Fund has satisfied all the pre-existing conditions of paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936. As such, the below analysis concentrates only on the extra requirements outlined above. The Fund satisfies the 'portfolio interest test' Subsection 128B(3CC) of the ITAA 1936 states:
A superannuation fund satisfies the portfolio interest test in this subsection in relation to the test entity at a time if, at that time, the total participation interest (within the meaning of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ) the superannuation fund holds in the test entity: (a) is less than 10%; and (b) would be less than 10% if, in working out the direct participation interest (within the meaning of that Act) that any entity holds in a company: (i) an equity holder were treated as a shareholder; and (ii) the total amount contributed to the company in respect of non-share equity interests were included in the total paid-up share capital of the company. Subsection 128B(3CB) defines the test entity to be either the entity that paid the interest, dividends or non-share dividends or, if subsection 128A(3) of the ITAA 1936 applies in relation to a resident trust estate, that trust estate. Subsection 995-1(1) of the ITAA 1997 defines total participation interest to have the meaning given by section 960-180 of the ITAA 1997, which states: An entity's total participation interest at a particular time in another entity is the sum of:
(a) the entity's *direct participation interest in the other entity at that time; and (b) the entity's *indirect participation interest in the other entity at that time. A 'direct participation interest' that the Fund will have in a test entity is defined in the table in subsection 960-190(1) of ITAA 1997 and depends on what type of entity the other entity is. Item 1 of the table in subsection 960-190(1) and subsection 960-190(2) of the ITAA 1997 provide that a direct participation interest in a company is the 'direct control interest' (within the meaning of section 350 of the ITAA 1936 excluding the operation of subsections 350(6) and (7)) that the first entity holds in the other entity. Subsection 350(1) of the ITAA 1936 provides that an entity holds a direct control interest in a company at a particular time equal to the percentage of: (a) total paid up share capital (b) voting rights, or (c) rights to distributions of capital or profits that it holds in the company.
Where there are different percentages in each of the above, the direct control interest is the greater or greatest of those percentages. Subsection 350(2) of the ITAA 1936 provides that where an entity holds different percentages of total rights to vote for the purposes of (b) above, the highest of those percentages applies in establishing the direct control interest. Subsection 960-185(1) of the ITAA 1997 provides that an entity's indirect participation interest in a test entity is established by multiplying its direct participation interest in an intermediate entity by the sum of the intermediate entity's direct and indirect participation interests in the test entity. For the Australian investments that are relevant to this ruling application: • the Fund has less than 10% participation interest (within the meaning of the ITAA 1997) for the Australian Investments that are relevant to this ruling application according to paragraph 128B(3CC)(a) at all relevant times; and • regarding these investments, the total participation interest the Fund holds would be less than 10% in the circumstances detailed in paragraph 128B(3CC)(b) of the ITAA 1936 at all relevant times.
The Fund therefore satisfies the 'portfolio interest test' in respect of its Australian Investments. The Fund does not have influence of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936 in relation to the test entity at the time the income was derived Subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936 states: A superannuation fund has influence of a kind described in this subsection in relation to the test entity at a time if any of the following requirements are satisfied at that time: (a) the superannuation fund: (i) is directly or indirectly able to determine; or (ii) in acting in concert with others, is directly or indirectly able to determine; the identity of at least one of the persons who, individually or together with others, make (or might reasonably be expected to make) the decisions that comprise the control and direction of the test entity's operations;
(b) at least one of those persons is accustomed or obliged to act, or might reasonably be expected to act, in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the superannuation fund (whether those directions, instructions or wishes are expressed directly or indirectly, or through the superannuation fund acting in concert with others). As such, there are two distinct sub-tests within the influence test. Sub-test 1 of the influence test, as contained in paragraph 128B(3CD)(a) of the ITAA 1936, assesses whether the Fund can determine the identity of at least one of the persons who, individually or together with others, makes or is reasonably expected to make, decisions comprising the control and direction of the test entity's operations. This includes situations where the Fund can act in concert with others to determine the identity of a relevant decision-maker in the test entity. Sub-test 1 also extends to situations where the Fund, in its own right, holds the ability to approve or veto decisions which go to the control or direction of the test entity.
Sub-test 2 of the influence test, as contained in paragraph 128B(3CD)(b) of the ITAA 1936, assesses whether at least one of the relevant decision-making persons of the test entity is accustomed or obliged to act, or might reasonably be expected to act, in accordance with the directions, instructions or wishes of the Fund. Relevantly, in respect of the Australian investments: • Neither the Fund, nor any related party, is involved in the day-to-day management of the business of any of the Australian entities. • The Fund does not hold any right to appoint a person to a board, committee or similar, either directly or indirectly. • Neither the Fund, nor any related party, has any veto rights on security holder votes. • Neither the Fund, nor any related party, has the ability to direct or influence the operation of the Australian entities outside of the ordinary rights conferred by the interests held. • The Fund has not entered into or received any side letters, arrangements or agreements. • The Fund does not hold any other influence potentially of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936.
• The Fund only holds rights to vote in proportion to its equity interest in each of the Australian entities. Accordingly, the Fund does not have an influence of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936 in respect of its Australian investments. The Fund does not have capacity to influence (either directly or indirectly) the day-to-day management of the operations of its investments. Consequently, the Commissioner accepts that the Fund does not have influence of a kind described in subsection 128B(3CD) of the ITAA 1936. The income received by the Fund is not non-assessable and non-exempt income of the Fund because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 The income received by the Fund will not be non-assessable non-exempt income because of Subdivision 880-C of the ITAA 1997 or Division 880 of the Income Tax (Transitional Provisions) Act 1997 . The Fund therefore satisfy this condition in respect of its Australian investments. Conclusion
As the Fund has met both the pre-existing and extra requirements under paragraph 128B(3)(jb) of the ITAA 1936 in relation to Australian investments it acquired after 27 March 2018, it will be excluded from withholding tax in relation to interest, dividend and non-share dividend income received in respect of those investments.
Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Paragraph 128B(3)(jb) Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Section 128D Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Section 118-520